Loading…
Search issues, trackers, people, glossary, and more
Reference
A documented database of Reddit communities that have been banned or quarantined, with the date, reason, and a source for each. Search and filter by reason or action; notable cases link to a full write-up.
210 of 210 communities
Scroll the table sideways to see all columns.
| Action | Reason | Subscribers | Source | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| r/Efilism | banned | May 2025 | ViolenceViolation of self-harm policy (community devoted to anti-life philosophy) | ≈10,000 | |
| r/IsElonDeadYet | banned | February 2025 | ViolencePermanently banned for violent content during Reddit's crackdown on posts targeting Elon Musk and DOGE staff. | — | |
| r/WhitePeopleTwitter | banned | February 2025 | ViolenceTemporary 72-hour ban over prevalence of violent content | ≈26,000,000 | |
| r/LuigiFever | banned | December 2024 | Spam/manipulationCaught by automated spam systems (Mangione-related) | — | |
| r/LuigiMangione | banned | December 2024 | ViolenceGlorification of violence (fan sub for the UHC CEO killing suspect) | — | |
| r/LuigiMangione2 | banned | December 2024 | Spam/manipulationBan evasion (successor to r/LuigiMangione) | — | |
| r/CLTV | banned | March 2022 | DoxxingBan-evasion recreation of a community removed for doxxing | — | |
| r/ChongLangTV | banned | March 2022 | DoxxingDoxxing (publishing a user's personal information) | ≈53,000 | |
| r/GenZedong | quarantined | March 2022 | MisinformationDisinformation about the invasion of Ukraine | — | |
| r/PiratedGames | banned | August 2022 | Illegal/transactionsExcessive copyright-infringement (DMCA) takedowns against the community | ≈300,000 | |
| r/Russia | quarantined | March 2022 | MisinformationHigh volume of misinformation after the invasion of Ukraine | — | |
| r/RussiaPolitics | quarantined | March 2022 | MisinformationQuarantined for misinformation about the Russian invasion of Ukraine unsupported by credible sources | 6k | |
| r/SocialJusticeInAction | banned | June 2022 | HatePromoting hate (sister sub to r/TumblrInAction) | — | |
| r/TumblrInAction | banned | June 2022 | HateAnti-'SJW' community banned for promoting hate | ≈470,000 | |
| r/AskTruFemcels | banned | 2021 | HatePromoting hate (femcel cluster satellite) | — | |
| r/CovidIsAFraud | quarantined | September 2021 | MisinformationCOVID denial / misinformation | — | |
| r/CovidVaccinatedUncut | quarantined | September 2021 | MisinformationCOVID-19 vaccine misinformation and associated abuse | — | |
| r/Ivermectin | quarantined | September 2021 | MisinformationCOVID/anti-vaccine misinformation | — | |
| r/MGTOW | banned | August 2021 | HateMisogynistic manosphere content; hate/violence | ≈120,000 | |
| r/NoNewNormal | banned | September 2021 | MisinformationCOVID misinformation hub; banned for brigading | ≈120,000 | |
| r/PandemicHoax | banned | 2021 | MisinformationCOVID-19 denial / pandemic-hoax misinformation | — | |
| r/TheGlowUp | banned | 2021 | HatePromoting hate (femcel cluster satellite) | — | |
| r/TruFemcels | banned | January 2021 | HatePromoting hate (identity-based hostility, including transphobia and racism) | ≈20,000 | |
| r/TrueAntiVaccination | quarantined | September 2021 | MisinformationCOVID-19 / anti-vaccine misinformation and associated abuse | — | |
| r/Wuhan_Flu | quarantined | September 2021 | MisinformationCOVID misinformation / denial | — | |
| r/conspiracy | quarantined | August 2021 | MisinformationCOVID/anti-vaccine health misinformation | — | |
| r/donaldtrump | banned | January 2021 | ViolenceRepeated policy violations and content related to the Capitol attack | ≈52,000 | |
| r/refusenewnormal | banned | 2021 | MisinformationCircumventing the quarantine of a COVID-misinformation community | — | |
| r/rejectnewnormal | banned | 2021 | MisinformationCircumventing the quarantine of a COVID-misinformation community | — | |
| r/truthseekers | banned | 2021 | MisinformationCOVID-19 / conspiracy misinformation | — | |
| r/vaccinelonghaulers | quarantined | September 2021 | MisinformationAnti-vaccine/COVID misinformation | — | |
| r/ActualWomen | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate (anti-transgender content) | — | |
| r/AskThe_Donald | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate; The_Donald-aligned content | — | |
| r/BecauseTrans | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate (anti-transgender content) | — | |
| r/ChapoTrapHouse | banned | June 2020 | HateRepeated rule-breaking/hateful content | ≈160,000 | |
| r/Chodi | banned | June 2020 | HateCommunal/religious hate (India-focused) | — | |
| r/ConsumeProduct | banned | June 2020 | HateAntisemitic, white-nationalist content | — | |
| r/Cringetopia | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate based on identity | — | |
| r/Cumtown | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate based on identity | — | |
| r/DarkHumorAndMemes | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate based on identity | — | |
| r/DarkJokeCentral | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate based on identity | — | |
| r/GCDebatesQT | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate (anti-transgender content) | — | |
| r/GamersRiseUp | banned | June 2020 | HateIronic-then-genuine racist/antisemitic content | ≈430,000 | |
| r/GenderCritLesbians | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate (anti-transgender content) | — | |
| r/GenderCritical | banned | June 2020 | HateAnti-transgender hate (TERF) | ≈64,000 | |
| r/GenderCriticalGuys | banned | June 2020 | HateAnti-transgender hate (TERF satellite) | — | |
| r/GenderCriticalTheory | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate (anti-transgender content) | — | |
| r/HateCrimeHoax | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate based on identity | — | |
| r/HateCrimeHoaxes | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate based on identity | — | |
| r/ImGoingToHellForThis | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate; bigoted shock-meme content | ≈700,000 | |
| r/Imgoingtohellforthis2 | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate based on identity (successor) | — | |
| r/ItsAFetish | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate (anti-transgender content) | — | |
| r/LGBDropTheT | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate (anti-transgender content) | — | |
| r/Mr_Trump2 | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate based on identity (The_Donald successor) | — | |
| r/PinkpillFeminism | banned | 2020 | HatePromoting hate (misandry / identity-based hostility) | — | |
| r/TERFIsASlur | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate (anti-transgender content) | — | |
| r/TheNewRight | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate based on identity | — | |
| r/The_Donald | banned | June 2020 | HateRepeated hate-speech/rule violations | ≈790,000 | |
| r/ThereAreTwoGenders | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate (anti-transgender content) | — | |
| r/TransgenderKids | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate (anti-transgender content) | — | |
| r/TrollGC | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate (anti-transgender content) | — | |
| r/TrueLesbians | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate (anti-transgender content) | — | |
| r/Vindicta | banned | 2020 | HatePromoting hate (lookism / identity-based hostility) | — | |
| r/Wojak | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate based on identity | — | |
| r/darkenlightenment | banned | June 2020 | HateNeo-reactionary content opposed to democracy/egalitarianism | — | |
| r/gentilesunited | banned | June 2020 | HateAntisemitic content blaming Jewish people for societal ills | — | |
| r/soyboys | banned | June 2020 | HatePromoting hate based on identity | — | |
| r/whitebeauty | banned | June 2020 | HateWhite-supremacist 'fascist beauty standards' content | — | |
| r/Braincels | banned | September 2019 | HarassmentBullying/harassment; misogynistic 'blackpill' incel content | ≈78,000 | |
| r/CringeAnarchy | banned | April 2019 | HateFar-right/Islamophobic content; quarantined 2018, banned 2019 | ≈400,000 | |
| r/Honkler | banned | July 2019 | HateCoded 'clown world' alt-right/antisemitic content | — | |
| r/Ice_Poseidon | banned | October 2019 | HarassmentHarassment, doxxing, swatting (IRL-streamer community) | — | |
| r/Ice_Poseidon2 | banned | October 2019 | HarassmentHarassment/doxxing (community-run successor) | — | |
| r/Jakolandia | banned | January 2019 | HarassmentRemoved for distributing non-consensual sexualized photos of women taken from social media | — | |
| r/MakeMyCoffin | banned | March 2019 | Gore/shockGlorifying death/violence (shock content) | — | |
| r/Mr_Trump | banned | 2019 | HateHateful/rule-breaking pro-Trump content (r/The_Donald splinter) | — | |
| r/N1tech | banned | April 2019 | HateNeo-Nazi organizing content | — | |
| r/Watchpeoplesurvive | banned | March 2019 | Gore/shockGraphic-injury/violence content (r/watchpeopledie network) | — | |
| r/frenworld | banned | June 2019 | HateCoded alt-right/antisemitic dogwhistles; glorifying violence | ≈60,000 | |
| r/gore | banned | March 2019 | Gore/shockGraphic death imagery; glorifying violence | — | |
| r/watchpeopledie | banned | March 2019 | Gore/shockGlorifying violence; users shared the Christchurch video | ≈300,000+ | |
| r/wpdtalk | banned | March 2019 | Gore/shockCompanion to r/watchpeopledie; glorifying violence | — | |
| r/AirsoftMarket | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsRemoved under the March 21, 2018 transaction rule despite trading non-firearm airsoft replicas | — | |
| r/BiblicalQ | banned | September 2018 | ViolenceQAnon satellite — incitement, harassment, doxxing | — | |
| r/CBTS_Stream | banned | March 2018 | ViolenceQAnon hub — inciting violence, harassment, doxxing | — | |
| r/CBTS_Stream_Backup | banned | September 2018 | ViolenceQAnon backup hub — inciting violence, harassment, doxxing | — | |
| r/CalmBeforeTheStorm | banned | September 2018 | ViolenceQAnon satellite — inciting violence, harassment, doxxing | — | |
| r/CartelGore | banned | 2018 | Gore/shockGraphic cartel-violence imagery; glorifying violence | — | |
| r/CelebFakes | banned | February 2018 | OtherFaked/manipulated sexual images of people without consent | — | |
| r/DNMSuperlist | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsAggregating darknet-market vendor listings | — | |
| r/DarkNetMarkets | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsFacilitating illegal-goods transactions (drugs) | ≈200,000 | |
| r/DarknetUK | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsUK-focused darknet-market community removed under the new transaction policy | — | |
| r/DebateAltRight | banned | January 2018 | HatePromoting hate; posting personal information | — | |
| r/EU_RCSources | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsEuropean research-chemical sourcing community removed under the new transaction policy | — | |
| r/Escorts | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsRemoved under the new policy banning transactions for paid services involving physical sexual contact | — | |
| r/FullCommunism | quarantined | September 2018 | ViolenceContent glorifying violence (per Reddit quarantine criteria) | — | |
| r/GreatAwakening | banned | September 2018 | ViolenceQAnon — inciting violence, harassment, doxxing | ≈54,000 | |
| r/GunDeals | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsFirearm/ammunition transactions | — | |
| r/Heroin | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsFacilitating sourcing of a controlled substance | — | |
| r/HiddenService | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsFacilitating darknet-market access / illegal transactions | — | |
| r/Hookers | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsRemoved under the new prohibition on paid physical sexual services | — | |
| r/MaleEscorts | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsRemoved under the post-FOSTA ban on paid physical sexual services | — | |
| r/MillionDollarExtreme | banned | September 2018 | HateViolent content; alt-right/racist/antisemitic material | ≈43,000 | |
| r/Opiates | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsFacilitating sourcing of controlled substances | — | |
| r/ProEDMemes | banned | November 2018 | OtherRemoved under the policy prohibiting content that encourages physical self-harm (pro-eating-disorder community) | 14k | |
| r/QAnonResearch | banned | September 2018 | ViolenceQAnon satellite — inciting violence, harassment, doxxing | — | |
| r/QAnon_Serious | banned | September 2018 | ViolenceQAnon conspiracy content inciting violence | — | |
| r/QProofs | banned | September 2018 | ViolenceQAnon satellite — incitement, harassment, doxxing | — | |
| r/Quincels | banned | September 2018 | ViolenceQAnon/incel crossover content inciting violence | — | |
| r/RCSources | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsResearch-chemical sourcing community removed under the new transaction policy | — | |
| r/RaptureMarket | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsDarknet-market discussion community removed under the new transaction policy | — | |
| r/SanctionedSuicide | banned | March 2018 | OtherPromotion of self-harm | — | |
| r/SilkRoad | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsDarknet drug-market discussion/facilitation | — | |
| r/Steroids | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsFacilitating sale of controlled substances (steroids) | — | |
| r/SugarDaddy | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsRemoved under the new ban on transactions for paid sexual services | — | |
| r/TheRedPill | quarantined | September 2018 | HateMisogynistic manosphere content | — | |
| r/The_GreatAwakening | banned | September 2018 | ViolenceQAnon backup hub — inciting violence and harassment | — | |
| r/Tianeptine | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsFacilitating sale of a regulated substance | — | |
| r/UncensoredNews | banned | March 2018 | HateInciting violence; white-nationalist moderators | ≈100,000 | |
| r/WhiteRights | banned | 2018 | HateWhite-nationalist content | — | |
| r/YouTubeFakes | banned | February 2018 | OtherFaked/manipulated sexual images of people without consent | — | |
| r/beertrade | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsTrade in alcohol (controlled goods) | — | |
| r/billionshekelsupreme | banned | September 2018 | HateAntisemitic / alt-right content | — | |
| r/cigarmarket | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsTrade in tobacco (controlled goods) | — | |
| r/danknation | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsDrug-sourcing community removed in the darknet-market ban wave | — | |
| r/darknetmarketsnoobs | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsDarknet drug-market facilitation | — | |
| r/deepfakeNSFW | banned | February 2018 | OtherNon-consensual AI-generated pornography | — | |
| r/deepfakes | banned | February 2018 | OtherNon-consensual AI face-swap pornography | ≈90,000 | |
| r/deepfakesNSFW | banned | February 2018 | OtherNon-consensual AI-generated pornography | — | |
| r/dream_dnm | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsDream Market darknet-market community removed under the new transaction policy | — | |
| r/dreammarket2 | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsDream Market darknet-market community removed under the new transaction policy | — | |
| r/drugsforsale | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsFacilitating drug transactions | — | |
| r/european | banned | March 2018 | HateWhite-nationalist content; quarantined 2016, banned 2018 | — | |
| r/facesets | banned | February 2018 | OtherFacilitating non-consensual deepfake creation (face-image datasets) | — | |
| r/fakeapp | banned | February 2018 | OtherNon-consensual deepfake pornography (software community) | — | |
| r/fakeid | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsTrade in falsified documents | — | |
| r/fragilejewishredditor | quarantined | 2018 | HateAntisemitic harassment content | — | |
| r/gunsforsale | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsFacilitating firearm sales | — | |
| r/milliondollarextreme2 | banned | September 2018 | HateViolent content; alt-right/antisemitic material | — | |
| r/nsfwdeepfakes | banned | February 2018 | OtherNon-consensual AI-generated pornography | — | |
| r/proED | banned | November 2018 | OtherRemoved for hosting content that encouraged physical self-harm (pro-eating-disorder behaviors) | 33k | |
| r/scotchswap | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsRemoved under the March 21, 2018 transaction rule covering controlled goods including alcohol | — | |
| r/shoplifting | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsPromoting theft / stolen goods | ≈80,000 | |
| r/stealing | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsPromoting trade in stolen goods | — | |
| r/thestorm | banned | September 2018 | ViolenceQAnon satellite — incitement, harassment, doxxing | — | |
| r/whitenationalism | quarantined | 2018 | HateWhite-nationalist content | — | |
| r/xanaxcartel | banned | March 2018 | Illegal/transactionsFacilitating illegal drug transactions | — | |
| r/DylannRoofInnocent | banned | October 2017 | ViolenceGlorifying violence (defending the Charleston shooter) | — | |
| r/EuropeanNationalism | banned | October 2017 | HateWhite-nationalist content; glorifying violence | — | |
| r/NationalSocialism | banned | October 2017 | HateGlorifying/inciting violence (neo-Nazi) | — | |
| r/Nazi | banned | October 2017 | HateGlorifying/inciting violence (neo-Nazi) | — | |
| r/Niggermania | banned | October 2017 | HateAnti-Black racist hate speech glorifying violence | — | |
| r/Physical_Removal | banned | August 2017 | ViolenceInciting violence ('physical removal' of political opponents) | — | |
| r/PicsOfDeadKids | banned | October 2017 | Gore/shockGlorifying violence / shock gore | — | |
| r/SexWithDogs | banned | October 2017 | Illegal/transactionsIllegal/abusive content | — | |
| r/alternativeright | banned | February 2017 | HateContent-policy violations / doxxing | — | |
| r/altright | banned | February 2017 | HateContent-policy violations / doxxing | — | |
| r/far_right | banned | October 2017 | HateGlorifying/inciting violence (far-right extremism) | — | |
| r/incels | banned | November 2017 | ViolenceContent inciting violence; misogyny glorifying rape | ≈40,000 | |
| r/killthejews | banned | October 2017 | HateAntisemitic community advocating violence, removed under the clarified incitement policy | — | |
| r/pol | banned | October 2017 | HateGlorifying/inciting violence (extremist) | — | |
| r/selfharmpics | banned | October 2017 | Gore/shockGlorifying self-harm / shock content | — | |
| r/pizzagate | banned | November 2016 | DoxxingDoxxing during the Pizzagate conspiracy campaign | — | |
| r/ApeWrangling | banned | August 2015 | HateRacist hate speech (Chimpire satellite) | — | |
| r/Apefrica | banned | August 2015 | HateAnti-Black racist hate speech (Chimpire satellite) | — | |
| r/BlackPeopleHate | banned | August 2015 | HateAnti-Black racist hate speech (Chimpire satellite) | — | |
| r/CandidFashionPolice | banned | 2015 | HarassmentCovert sexualized photos of women (creepshots successor) | — | |
| r/Chicongo | banned | August 2015 | HateRacist hate speech (Chimpire satellite) | — | |
| r/CoonTown | banned | August 2015 | HateAnti-Black racist hate speech and harassment | ≈15,000+ | |
| r/CoonTownMeta | banned | August 2015 | HateRacist hate speech (CoonTown meta sub) | — | |
| r/CoonTownMods | banned | August 2015 | HateRacist hate speech (CoonTown moderator hub) | — | |
| r/Detoilet | banned | August 2015 | HateRacist hate speech (Chimpire satellite) | — | |
| r/DinduNuffins | banned | August 2015 | HateAnti-Black racist hate speech (Chimpire satellite) | — | |
| r/GasTheKikes | banned | 2015 | HateAntisemitic hate speech inciting violence | — | |
| r/GreatApes | banned | August 2015 | HateAnti-Black racist hate speech (origin of the 'Chimpire') | — | |
| r/MuhDick | banned | August 2015 | HateAnti-Black racist hate speech (Chimpire satellite) | — | |
| r/N199ers | banned | August 2015 | HateAnti-Black racist hate speech (Chimpire satellite) | — | |
| r/Spacedicks | banned | 2015 | Gore/shockGrotesque/shock gore imagery | ≈100,000+ | |
| r/Teenapers | banned | August 2015 | HateRacist hate speech (Chimpire satellite) | — | |
| r/TrayvonMartin | banned | August 2015 | HateRacist content mocking a shooting victim (Chimpire satellite) | — | |
| r/USBlackCulture | banned | August 2015 | HateAnti-Black racist hate speech (Chimpire satellite) | — | |
| r/WatchNiggersDie | banned | August 2015 | HateRacist gore content (CoonTown satellite) | — | |
| r/bestofcoontown | banned | August 2015 | HateRacist hate speech (CoonTown satellite) | — | |
| r/blackfathers | quarantined | August 2015 | HateRacist 'joke' content (deliberately empty hate sub) | — | |
| r/chimpmusic | banned | August 2015 | HateAnti-Black racist hate speech (Chimpire satellite) | — | |
| r/drawpeople | quarantined | August 2015 | OtherHighly offensive content | — | |
| r/fatpeoplehate | banned | June 2015 | HarassmentTargeted harassment of individuals | ≈151,000 | |
| r/fatpeoplehate2 | banned | June 2015 | HarassmentTargeted harassment of individuals (FPH ban-evasion sub) | — | |
| r/ferguson | banned | August 2015 | HateRacist content exploiting the Ferguson unrest (Chimpire) | — | |
| r/funnyniggers | banned | August 2015 | HateAnti-Black racist hate speech (Chimpire satellite) | — | |
| r/hamplanethatred | banned | June 2015 | HarassmentHarassment of overweight people | ≈3,071 | |
| r/kiketown | quarantined | August 2015 | HateAntisemitic hate content | — | |
| r/koontown | banned | August 2015 | HateRacist hate speech (CoonTown satellite) | — | |
| r/lolicon | banned | August 2015 | Sexualization of minorsSexualized cartoon depictions of children | — | |
| r/neofag | banned | June 2015 | HarassmentHarassment of NeoGAF forum members | ≈1,239 | |
| r/photoplunder | banned | 2015 | HarassmentSharing nude photos of women without consent | ≈44,000 | |
| r/rapingwomen | banned | August 2015 | ViolenceEncouraging rape / inciting violence against women | — | |
| r/shitniggerssay | banned | June 2015 | HarassmentRacist harassment | ≈219 | |
| r/swedenyes | quarantined | August 2015 | HateHighly offensive xenophobic / racist content | — | |
| r/transfags | banned | June 2015 | HarassmentHarassment of transgender people | ≈149 | |
| r/whitesarecriminals | quarantined | August 2015 | HateHighly offensive racially-charged content | — | |
| r/Fappening | banned | September 2014 | Sexualization of minorsHosting hacked, non-consensual nude celebrity photos | — | |
| r/TheFappening | banned | September 2014 | Sexualization of minorsHosting hacked, non-consensual nude celebrity photos | — | |
| r/beatingwomen | banned | June 2014 | DoxxingGraphic violence against women; moderators doxxing users | — | |
| r/niggers | banned | June 2013 | HateVote manipulation, brigading, racist content | — | |
| r/CreepShots_meta | banned | 2012 | HarassmentCovert sexualized photos of women (creepshots-network sub) | — | |
| r/creepshots | banned | October 2012 | HarassmentSexualized photos of women taken without consent | — | |
| r/jailbait | banned | October 2011 | Sexualization of minorsSuggestive/sexualized images of underage girls | ≈150,000 | |
| r/jailbaitgw | banned | 2011 | Sexualization of minorsSexualized images of minors | — | |
| r/preteen_girls | banned | 2011 | Sexualization of minorsSexualized images of minors | — |
Note: this is a curated list of documented cases, not an exhaustive record of every removal. Many communities (e.g. the ~2,000 removed in the June 2020 purge and the 54 quarantined in September 2021) were never individually named by Reddit. Sources are drawn from Reddit Transparency Reports, the Wikipedia "Controversial Reddit communities" article, and contemporaneous reporting.